A Jury Of Her Peers A Character Analysis Essay Example For Students

Dippin Dots Managing Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dippin Dots Managing Strategy - Case Study Example The individuals like to have low-fat items that have the taste and the surface of the full fat frozen yogurt. The essential objective crowd for any player in the frozen yogurt industry is kids and adolescents of a region. The situation is comparative in the US. Innovative advancement has a noteworthy bearing on any item. The innovation utilized for the assembling of the dessert was cryogenic that was utilized during the time spent freezing which is very one of a kind inside the frozen yogurt industry. Low temperature is required to store the item so as to maintain the consistency and uprightness of the item. The climatic state of a nation can have a course on the offer of the frozen yogurt. In the US winter there is serious cold all through the nation, along these lines this can have a course on the frozen yogurt deal. The United States Department of Agriculture alongside the Kentucky Milk Advisory Panel has been endowed to investigate the Dippin’ Dots plant in Paducah, Kentucky so as to guarantee that the organization is keeping up a great norm. The danger of passage has been high for the organizations that work in this market. Numerous new contenders have entered the market creating a comparable sort of items. Because of less contribution of government, the danger of passage has been high. There have been a few contenders of the Dippin’ Dots in the out-of-home dessert advertise. The central contenders are Ben and Jerry’s, Haagen-Dazs, Carvel, Baskin-Robbins and Dairy Queen; and the new participants like Cold Stone Creamery, Magie Moo’s and Marble Slab Creamery (Prata, 2006). The general providers in the dessert business include constrained force if there are enormous quantities of contenders. Haggling intensity of providers on account of the business in which Dippin’ Dots work is low, as there is countless providers who can give practically comparative sort of items to theâ buyers.

Understanding and Managing the Customer Relationship Life Cycle

Understanding and Managing the Customer Relationship Life Cycle STAGES OF THE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP LIFE CYCLE Over the last few decades, business has moved away from focusing solely on products and services. A new paradigm has entered almost every market place. This shift now focuses heavily on the customer, less on the product. Today’s businesses know that if the business plan is to be successful, it needs to operate with its customers in mind.The Customer Development model created by Steve Blank is only one part of this change in how success is defined. Although Blank’s model is integral to the process, it is not the key to success. Blank teaches businesses of all types how to find, validate and create their customers. But it is also important to continue on your businesses’ journey by following three more steps: getting customers, keeping customers and growing customers. This is what Blank refers to as the Customer Relationship Life Cycle.The Customer Relationship Life Cycle will teach you how to move on past the initial Customer Development phases and learn how to make sure that th e customers you create end up being the customers you keep. Based on Customer Development Model created by Steve BlankIn this article, youll learn about 1) the primary phases of the customer relationship life cycle, 2) how to measure success, and 3) how the customer relationship life cycle is different for different industries.STAGES OF THE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP LIFE CYCLELearning about and validating your customers is an essential part of starting your business. But what do you do once you have successfully identified and created your main customer base?When you reach this part of the life of your business, you can employ the Customer Relationship Life Cycle. Like the Customer Development model, this life cycle focuses on customers rather than products. There is a product life cycle that you can follow but it should never replace the customer life cycle.In Blank’s method, there are three primary phases that you will move through during this life cycle:Get CustomersKeep CustomersGrow CustomersWhile there are only three basic steps, these st eps change depending on the kind of product that you are working with. This difference is generally found between physical products (like electronics or apparel) and web mobile products (those you cannot physically hold in your hand, like Netflix).[cp_modal id=cp_id_75506] [/cp_modal]Physical Customer Relationship Life Cycle1. Get CustomersWhen you have a physical product to offer your customer, you will begin to get your customers through both earned and paid media. Both of these types of media are useful for you and both should be utilized.  When deployed correctly, this media will drive awareness to your product and to your company. This awareness is not enough to get customers. It must go one step further. It must create demand and drive interest.You do not just want to send your name or your product out into the media for the public to be aware of. It needs to be attached to a value proposition that will drive customer interest.  This interest will then drive customers to consider the value of your product. This consideration will ideally lead to them becoming customers.However, you do not have a customer until a purchase has been made and money has exchanged hands. Someone who browses your website occasionally is not a customer when you are offer ing a physical product. You have acquired a new customer only when payment has been taken and the product has been received. This is your opportunity to not only get a customer but keep that customer and use them to grow your customer base.2. Keep CustomersOnce that customers buy from you, you must figure out how to keep them. Keeping a customer is not about building a bigger and better product to keep them coming back for more. Instead, it is all about building a relationship with them.You can do this through several means:Customer satisfaction surveys are a valuable tool in customer retention. Not only do they give the customer a voice but they also allow you figure out what you could be doing better. This is very valuable data for any company.Loyalty programs are another solid way of keeping customers. Customers love to work for greater rewards. It is partly because they feel like they are getting something for nothing. It is also partly because they feel valued. A loyalty progra m has both merits and disadvantages. Still, it is great for retaining customers when it is deployed properly.Customer check-in calls are also essential. This does not mean that you should spam your customer with a call center. In fact, this is a good way to turn customers off in many markets. Instead, you can offer customers an opportunity to speak directly with you about their thoughts and opinions on the product, service and your company.  You do not need to call every customer. But the selection you do call will often be pleased that you asked them about what they really think. This two-way method of communication is great for driving relationships.There are some metrics to consider during this phase:You need to be considering your churn rate during this phase. Your customer churn rate signifies how many clients you have lost once you have reached this phase. This means that have secured a sale but now the customer has dropped out of the customer life cycle.Your churn rate is imp ortant because if affects your customer’s lifetime value. The lifetime value of a customer is the prediction of a net profit that is attributed to your relationship with that customer.  If your customers are making a single purchase before disappearing, the lifetime value of the customer is small.3. Grow CustomersGrowing your customers starts with un-bundling. The ultimate goal of maintaining your customers is to be able to ask them for referrals. But to make it easier on the customers you already have, you should offer a product that is broken down into smaller parts.Breaking the product down into multiple offers is not a problem. You can also up-sell products. This is an opportunity to let referred customers get in on the action without the risk and then offer them the full product at an ideal price.Cross-selling products is one step up from an up-sell. When you cross-sell your product, you are selling a product that is related to but not a part of a product that the customer pr eviously purchased.Once you are able to cross-sell (successfully sell two separate but related products), you will be able to as for referrals. These referrals are very valuable because they help grow your customer baseDuring this phase, you will want to consider the following metric:Customer lifetime value, at noted before, is the estimate of how much money your customers will spend with you over the life time of your relationship.  You can calculate this with the following equation: Lifetime= 1/Churn.  You then take the Lifetime figure and put it into the following equation: Lifetime Customer Value = (Average Monthly Payment x Gross Margin %) / Churn Rate.Web mobile Customer Relationship Life Cycle1. Get customersGetting your customers when you offer a web mobile product is different than when you have a physical product. Although you will still use earned and paid media to acquire the customers, there are fewer steps.When you are using media of any kind to acquire customers, you want to be wary of the cost. You will usually measure this by cost per thousand hits.  This means that you want to know roughly how much you spent on media to get around 1,000 hits. You will want to measure this a few times to make sure that you know where the customers are coming from. This prevents you from investing in media that offers little return.  This also allows you to see if your most valuable traffic is organic or if you are paying for it through media activities.Once you have acquired your customers, you need to activate them. This means collecting their data from them.  At this point, you will want to note your cost per action (CPA). The cost per action agreement will relate directly to your advertising costs. A cost per action is not a cost per click. Instead, a cost per action is based on a qualifying action. For example, you might have an agreement that you only pay for advertisements that resulted in registration on your site. Cost per action is a low risk form of advertising for businesses. But it is still essential to know how much you are paying just to get people to perform an action with your site.2. Keep CustomersKeeping customers is just as important when you offer a web mobile product. However, you will go about it slightly differently.  Outreach programs are a great way to keep customers while still growing them. Outreach programs are great for current customers to share the service on social media and get a reward in return.  Loyalty programs also work on the online mobile platform.  You can also keep up to date with customers with blogs, emails and RSS feeds.  Some companies choose to keep customers by running contests or events. These can also be bundled into your outreach program.3. Grow CustomersGrowing customers is relatively similar on internet mobile products as it is with physical products. You want to give them a chance to pick up a smaller product at smaller price. Then you can up-sell, next-sell and cross-sell to both exi sting and referred customers.  Ultimately, you want it to be as easy as possible for your customers to send you referrals. When you get these referrals, they should always start back at the acquire phase and make their way back. This viral loop is important for the success of growing your customers.MEASURING THE SUCCESS OF YOUR CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP LIFE CYCLEHow you measure the success of your Customer Relationship Life Cycle is up to you. It can be simple or it can be complex. You can choose to do it over a number of years or over a number of months. All of this depends on the kind of business you run. The following metrics can be used in the Customer Relationship Life Cycle to determine your success at varying stages of the program.It is important to perform these measurements throughout the program. This is because you do not want to keep sending customers down a leaky sales funnel. It is better to figure out where the weak points are early. Then, they can be fixed and you can r educe your churn rate.Remember that marketing is not based on your gut instincts alone. It is a science that requires measurement.The biggest overall metric that you will use is the cost to acquire a customer (CAC). The CAC is the total amount of money that you spend on bringing a customer to the point that they make their first purchase. These costs can include inbound marketing, free trials, conversions, inside sales, channels and partnerships.You need to be able to achieve a balance of the CAC with the customer’s lifetime value. A balanced company will spend less on acquiring customers than it will receive of the course of the relationship with the customer. Ideally, your lifetime value should be greater than three times the CAC. In simpler terms, you can say: LTV 3x CAC.Additionally, you need to be recovering your CAC quickly. For true capital efficiency, you should be recovering the CAC less than 12 months from when you acquired the customer.In addition to this metric, you s hould be use other metrics as you move through the life cycle. Some additional of the metrics that you can use include:1. Get CustomersChannel Specific Traffic:  This will help you determine where your traffic is coming from. This is important because looking only at your total site visits won’t tell you which channels are performing well.  You should look at four main channels:Direct channels tell you how many people navigated straight to your site.Referrals tell you who clicked on an external link on another site.Organic channels are visitors who found you through a search engine.Social channels are those who found you on social media.Cost per Lead:  The cost per lead metric will depend on the strategy you use for each channel.  Calculating your cost per lead requires you to divide the number of leads you received from a channel but the amount of money you spent on that channel.Cost per Lead = Channel Spending/ Number of Leads2. Keep CustomersCustomer Retention Rate:  The keep p hase is a good place to measure the customer retention rate. The customer retention rate should be measured in some form throughout the life cycle. However, it is especially important here.  You can measure the success of your retention programs directly against your customer retention rate. Not every program will work with every market. It is important to abandon or adapt programs that are not helping you retain customers.3. Grow CustomersConversions:  You should be looking at the number of people who enter the lifecycle and the number who make it through the grow stage. This figure will demonstrate the number of leads that you have transformed into valuable customers.Return on Investment:  Your ROI is one of the most important metrics that you can measure. This is a different metric than the cost to acquire a customer (CAC) metric). ROI demonstrates how profitable your campaign is.  To calculate your ROI, you can compare your cost per lead with your lead to close ration.  Then, yo u compare the result with the customer lifetime value.CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP LIFE CYCLE FOR DIFFERENT INDUSTRIESThe Customer Relationship Life Cycle is a great example of a general cycle for managing your customers. Its generality is one of its advantages because you can apply it to many different markets. But it is important to remember that each market should be treated as a distinct market. You cannot use the same life cycle for every organization because different organizations target different customers.Here are some examples of how different industries might adapt the Customer Relationship Life Cycle to suit its particular needs:TechnologyCloud Services1. Get CustomersMany cloud services in technology operate in one of two ways. Some use freemiums to increase interest. Some use partnerships to increase interest and drive demand.  Most cloud computing services offer scaled packages. Customers can sign up for the amount of storage they need at the time.  Cloud services then offer their customers a variety of products. The biggest products include public, private and hybrid cloud computing.2. Keep CustomersCustomers are then coaxed along by the service provider to ensure that the provider is meeting the business’ needs.  Some service providers offer additional products to existing customers. Some will add on free storage to retain customers.3. Grow CustomersService providers then offer businesses the opportunity to scale their business within the same services through up-selling. This up-sell will usually be an increase in cloud space.  Service providers also cross-sell security and mobile opportunities. By doing this, they eliminate the customer’s need to shop around for other services.  At this stage, they can ask for referrals and the cycle starts again.Finance Consumer Banking1. Get CustomersBanks draw in customers through the media. They often offer introductory rates to increase the number of leads that are turned into customers.  Banks often offe r basic savings and checking accounts to new customers.  Some banks offer customers the chance for bigger introductory offers if they switch from another bank.2. Keep CustomersBanks keep customers by offering more complex services and better rates.  Banks also have customer-facing employees who work with customers on a daily basis. This is one of the ways they take feedback. Some customers build relationships with their banker and this prevents churn.  Banks will often offer better rates to long term customers which incentivizes customers to stay.3. Grow CustomersBanks will offer programs that evolve with every customer.  A bank will start by offering basic products. However, it will allow customers to grow an ecosystem of financial products that are managed all in one place. This includes lending options, credit options and more advanced saving options.  Banks will sometimes offer referrals to customers to encourage current customers to sign up new customers.Web platform1. Get Cust omersWebsites use a variety of media to direct customers to their page.  Customers are then asked to fill out their information. This is where an acquisition becomes an activation.  In some cases, the website will offer discounts on first orders just for entering an email address. This speeds up the transition.  This activation sends a request to sales teams to help process a sale.2. Keep customersTo keep customers, websites and online platforms will send email reminders. This is especially true for customers who have been activated but have not purchased.  Web platforms will also encourage customers to visit social media and other sites for more information or exclusive opportunities.  To keep the customer, the website has to close the sale.3. Grow customersWeb platform companies also have to up-sell and cross-sell. It is not enough to offer one product. There must be a reason to drive customers back to the site.  This is especially true if the web platform is offering a freemium p roduct. There needs to be value in scaling up or making a purchase.  Web platforms are also in a unique position because they can make the referral process relatively painless. Some web platforms offer incentives for customers who use social sharing. The platform may also reach out to certain customers who can become online influencers.While the customer life cycle is all about growing and adapting to the customer’s changing needs, the way that you do this depends on the industry that you are in. You will notice that each option is innovating alongside the changing landscape of its customer. The landscapes in industries change at different rates and in different ways but companies in both sectors can adapt to these changes when they have meaningful relationships with their customers.If a customer goes to a cloud service provider looking for service but the service provider does not offer the customer the opportunity to scale according to their needs, they are more likely to switch service providers to someone who is interested in their evolving business.A customer life time cycle is not about big leaps but small hops.CONCLUSIONUnderstanding the Customer Relationship Life Cycle is all about understanding the customer and their needs. Without this understanding, it is impossible to move customers past the first purchase. It is important to remember that understanding your customer does not just end with the Customer Development model. It must go into building a relationship with them as well. When you can build valuable relationships with your customers, your customers will offer more value to your company.

Benefits Of Using Needle Exchange Programs - 1529 Words

Are drug users people too? The health and safety of all people is crucial. It’s important keeping drug dependent people free of HIV this prevents its spread to their partners and their children. In order to provide necessary care, free sterilized needles should be given to drug users. The public should be advised of positive effects of needle exchange programs and warned of the risks of not supplying adequate syringes. The provocative idea of giving drug addicts clean needles to help slow the spread of HIV/AIDS was first broached in 1985. This concept has been under research ever since. Harm reduction approaches for those who inject drugs, including the distribution of clean needles and syringes, are proven interventions to prevent transmission of HIV and other blood-borne viruses, and are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other leading public health agencies. Much examination has been undertaken to prevent the spread of these deadly diseases. In the meantime, AIDS has spread more rapidly among intravenous drug users than any other group. Needle Exchange programs have been set in place all over the world to test its effects. A needle exchange program is defined as: Any program intended to slow the spread of AIDS (and hepatitis C) among IV drug abusers (IVDAs), in which a governmental or charitable agency exchanges sterile needles for dirty, potentially contaminated needles used by IVDAs when injecting (â€Å"shooting†) heroin or other substances. SmallShow MoreRelatedMethadone Clinics1161 Words   |  5 PagesMethadone Clinics and Needle Exchange Programs: Critical Thinking There are many people in the world today that are drug addicts and cannot quit by themselves which is where the methadone clinics come into the picture. Methadone reduces the withdrawal symptoms therefore making it easier to quit drugs. Even though methadone is supposedly proven to be safe, it seems to have biases and stigmas associated with it because it is an opioid medication and many people can become addicted to it as wellRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus : An Example Of The Harm Reduction Philosophy Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagesdisease suffer whilst transmitting it to their loved ones as well. Fortunately, the Needle Exchange Program miraculously helps lower the risk of sharing needles and the spread of diseases between drug users, which in turn decreases the chances of intravenous users obtaining HIV and other fatal diseases. It is a government funded program that allows intravenous drug users to receive clean needles and exchange used needles in an orderly manner. Not only that, but the NEP also provides bleach bottles,Read MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On The United States1479 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 669,000 Americans reported using heroin in the year of 2012. The number of people using heroin for the first time is dramatically high, with 156,000 people starting in 2012, doubling from the year 2009 (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2014) Those using heroin are typically adults aged between 18-25 years old. The impact of heroin is felt all over the United States affecting many people. Heroin is identified as one of the most important drugRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Abuse1525 Words   |  7 PagesClean needle exchanges are a sure way to stop the spread of disease among addicts. Every day thousands of addicts are sharing needles because they have no other option, they simply don t have the resources or the money to have their own personal needles. It might not be stopping the major problem of drug addiction but it will help to limit the number of deaths caused by sharing infected needles. Clean needle exchanges aim to eliminate diseases spread by giving addicts access to clean needles. Read MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) Or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( Aids )1281 Words   |  6 Pagesthe newly affecting using injection drugs, Whites 26%, and Latinos/ Hispanics with 21% (CDC.gov, 2015). Injection drug use can spread the HIV virus by any of the following acts: using blood-contaminated syringes to prepare drugs, reusing water, reusing bottle caps, spoons, or other containers (cookers) to dissolve drugs into water and to heat drugs solutions, reusing small pieces of cotton or cigarette filters (cottons) to filter out particles that could block the needles (AIDS.gov, 2014). WithRead MoreSyringe Exchange Programs: A Matter of Public Health Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pages it is almost always fatal since there is currently no cure for the diseas e. A major component of HIV prevention is the Syringe Exchange Programs (SEP’s). SEP’s are one of the main resolutions that targets curbing the spread of blood-borne viruses among injecting drug users (IDU’s). With an estimated 1 in 5 injecting drug users worldwide infected with HIV, the program is vital to bringing this epidemic under control. 60 countries worldwide have reported HIV among IDUs and an additional 40 countriesRead MoreMethadone Maintenance Therapy ( Mmt )1353 Words   |  6 Pagesto address the benefits and the complications associated with this replacement therapy. This paper will examine some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with MMT and reflect on personal ideals in accordance with MMT. History of Methadone Maintenance Methadone Maintenance Therapy was first developed in the 1960s by Dole and Nyswander (Latowsky, 2006). MMT is a branch of Harm Reduction; Harm reduction is the concept that people cannot stop those with addictions from using, but can helpRead MoreDrug Law Violations And Its Effects On The Lives Of Individuals1151 Words   |  5 Pagespaper, I will address and define the terms â€Å"decriminalization† and â€Å"harm reduction†. Also will reflect on the sale/use of prescription opiates, in parallel to the use I will identify how it effects society as a whole, by analyzing one cost and one benefit from the use/sale of prescription drugs. Lastly, I will apply a â€Å"harm reduction† strategy to the negative consequences that are presented through prescriptions opiates, then determine the feasibility of the policies being implemented. Drug arrestRead MoreThe Ethical Controversy of a Nurse`s Role in Harm Reduction1014 Words   |  5 Pageswhole. Harm reduction programs provide injection drug users with access to a clean injection environment, sterile injections, drug-preparation equipment and safe disposal of contaminated material at the time of injection. Staff members in harm reduction facilities provide health teaching, anonymous HIV testing, information on addiction treatment, condoms and assist in connecting clients to social and health services (Semaan et al., 2011; Ball, 2007). Although, the benefits of harm reduction areRead MoreA Safe Injection Site Is Essential For Esquimalt And Victoria1718 Words   |  7 Pagesrehabilitation programs. It is necessary to note that Victoria and Esquimalt are not differentiated when studies are done. Therefore, the extrapolation of accurate drug use statistics for Esquimalt is not available. For the purpose of this paper, Victoria statistics will be utilized, and, there fore, the data may not be valid for Esquimalt. However, the need for an injection site is essential for Esquimalt and Victoria. In this paper, I will address, the need for a harm reduction program in the community

Essay about Nathaniel Hawthornes Use of Symbolism

Nathaniel Hawthorne is a prominent writer who uses many different elements in his works. He uses elements such as symbolism, figurative language, metaphor, irony and etc. to make his work prominent. In the works by Nathaniel Hawthorne, he uses symbols for secret sin in The Scarlet Letter, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† and â€Å"Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment.† As seen in The Scarlet letter, the symbol for secret sin is the Scarlet letter â€Å"A.† The â€Å"A† represents the sin in which Hester commits adultery with the town’s minister, Dimmesdale. One example of secret sin is when Hester first walks out of prison; for the first time she wore the letter â€Å"A† on her breast to show her crime. The â€Å"A† very well represents her secret sin. Even Dimmesdale curves†¦show more content†¦In addition, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses many symbols in The Scarlet Letter. Moreover, the symbol of secret sin also appears in â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil.† When the people of the town first saw Mr. Hooper wearing the black veil, they were all wondering why he would wear such thing. To Mr. Hooper, the black veil means deceit and sins to those who can not separate themselves from their sins. One example is when he is wearing the black veil to the wedding, and everyone is kind of skeptic about why he is wearing it but in reality, he wore it to remind everyone of their sins. Because of this, people call him evil, and he soon became an outcast. The black veil can also represent his own sin that he committed in the past in which he can never forgive himself. Symbols for secret sin are once again used in Nathanial Hawthorne’s works. Additionally, symbols for serest sin are also use in â€Å"Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment. In this story, Dr. Heidegger’s sin is playing with God because he basically made up a story about the whole Fountain of Youth to his friends. But for him, this is all an experiment because he wants to see how his friends will react to their â€Å"pretend† younger selves, and if they have changed their personality. One example is when they drank the Water of Youth; Dr. Heidegger’s friends became addicted to the water asking for more. Dr. Heidegger is playing â€Å"God† to his friends just for his experiment. Once again, Nathaniel HawthorneShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning. Symbolism occurs in everyday ordinary life. One of the most recognizable stories that contain symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different objec t. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"TheRead MoreA Brief Biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne856 Words   |  3 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne once said, â€Å"I do not want to be a doctor and live by men’s diseases, nor minister to live by their sins, nor a lawyer and live by men’s quarrels. So, I don’t see that there is anything left for me but to be an author† (Nathaniel). This statement describes Hawthorne’s personality and life in a way that no other quote could. Nathaniel Hawthorne was an Anti-Transcendentalist writer meaning that he had a negative view of all humans. The Anti-Transcendentalist movement was a pessimisticRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The G reat Gatsby 1416 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Words - so innocent and powerless as they are, as standing in a dictionary, how potent for good and evil they become in the hands of one who knows how to combine them.† A quote said by Nathaniel Hawthorne himself, which employs to anyone and everyone who has the knowledge of combining words to create literature. Hawthorne, born in 1804, in the town of Salem, Massachusetts, the Dark Romanticism author lived with some injuries, such as the death of his father. Yet, the wealth of his uncles helpedRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown from a Moral Standpoint1352 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts. At the age of four, his father passed away from yellow fever, forcing his family to move in with his uncle. The positively influential Uncle Robert Manning pushed Hawthorne to succeed in school and insisted he go to college. Following his education at Bowdoin College, Hawthorne spent years in isolation masterin g the art of writing. It was during those years when Hawthorne discovered that his ancestors were founders and Puritan leaders of the SalemRead MoreShort Story Analysis: Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne851 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne Introduction Hawthornes short story Young Goodman Brown is a tale of innocence lost. Set in New England during the Puritan era, the protagonist, Goodman Brown, goes for a walk in the woods one night and meets the devil who tells him. Evil is the nature of mankind. Evil must be your only happiness. Welcome again, to the communion of your race. According to Levin this story is a condemnation of the hypocrisy of the puritan ethic. The Salem witch trialsRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1602 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne is an American writer, known for his popular novel, The Scarlet Letter, and his various short stories. Much of his writings are categorized in the dark romanticism genre and centered in the Puritan New England society. His rhetorical style consists mainly of the incorporation of various rhetorical terms, notably imagery and symbolism, and morality, in order to teach the audience a lesson. Hawthorne also uses a similar dark and mysterious tone throughout hi s novels and short storiesRead MoreFiction Essay - Young Goodman Brown and the Lottery1051 Words   |  5 PagesJackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† and Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† reveals that different literary elements, such as tone and setting, are used to convey the characters’ arrival at dark, sinister places. II. INTRODUCTION III. SHIRLEY JACKSON’S â€Å"THE LOTTERY† A. Setting the tone: Peaceful and relaxing B. Irony: Even though the mood is relaxing, there is a premonition of something bad to come C. Ending: The ending is implied IV. NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S â€Å"YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN† Read MoreThe Great Author Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne is an author who often uses religion, guilt, and symbolism. He usually uses a lot of descriptions and gives enough information to provide the reader with a visual picture. His mind often turned to matters associated with human judgments on mortality, with guilt and its consequences (Turner). In the novel Hawthorne’s short stories he has a series of stories that have to do with things like suffering, honor, and religion. One good novel that deals with all of these things as wellRead MoreScarlet Letter Criticism704 Words   |  3 PagesIn The Scarlet letter, Nathaniel hawthorne uses his novel as social commentary by depicting the puritan society as a group of hypocritical people who believe in conformity, which ultimately, turns them into a mindless horde. Nathaniel Hawthorne had deep bonds with his Puritan ance stors and created a story that highlighted both their weaknesses and their strengths. His knowledge of their beliefs and his admiration for their strengths were balanced by his concerns for their rigid and cruel rules.TheRead MoreThe Use of Color Symbolism by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesIs it possible for an author to utilize so much symbolism that it captivates the reader to the extent of paralleling the tale with their own life? The principle of symbolism is quite evident in the story by Nathaniel Hawthorne, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†. Nathaniel Hawthorn’s work is immersed with symbolism with most of it deriving from his Puritan beliefs. The themes of sin, guilt, innocence, and lust come forth through the uses of color symbolism as well as visual clues. All of these things are

Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Management Free Essays

American steel industry fell behind the Japanese industry, so changes had to be made in the processes of manufacturing. Nucor Steel opened in 1989 in Indiana and made a revolution in steel industry. Keith Russe is the general manager of the plant. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Nucor plant is rather small, but they produce 800,000 tons of steel each year. The reason of high productivity is the computer integrated manufacturing and management. Team work is also very important. The computer system integrates business information, process control, and the machines. It uses 1100 databases, 500 programs that create unlimited possibilities. Orders are placed from the very beginning into the computer, and it is process totally by the computer as well. Nucor uses pull system that connects the purchase order to raw materials, manufacturing process, and shipping. From scrap yard, the workers feed scrap into furnaces, where it melts into steel lava, and it is then moved into continuous caster, then to computer controlled gas premise, and then to the finishing room. Tags are put on the finished coils. Computer screens tell what each customer wants. As a result of the success, another plant was opened in Arkansas. With the help of new technologies, procedures, and computer integrated manufacturing, the American steel industry managed to gain the market share. American steel industry fell behind the Japanese industry, so changes had to be made in the processes of manufacturing. Nucor Steel opened in 1989 in Indiana and made a revolution in steel industry. Keith Russe is the general manager of the plant. The Nucor plant is rather small, but they produce 800,000 tons of steel each year. The reason of high productivity is the computer integrated manufacturing and management. Team work is also very important. The computer system integrates business information, process control, and the machines. It uses 1100 databases, 500 programs that create unlimited possibilities. Orders are placed from the very beginning into the computer, and it is process totally by the computer as well. Nucor uses pull system that connects the purchase order to raw materials, manufacturing process, and shipping. From scrap yard, the workers feed scrap into furnaces, where it melts into steel lava, and it is then moved into continuous caster, then to computer controlled gas premise, and then to the finishing room. Tags are put on the finished coils. Computer screens tell what each customer wants. As a result of the success, another plant was opened in Arkansas. With the help of new technologies, procedures, and computer integrated manufacturing, the American steel industry managed to gain the market share. American steel industry fell behind the Japanese industry, so changes had to be made in the processes of manufacturing. Nucor Steel opened in 1989 in Indiana and made a revolution in steel industry. Keith Russe is the general manager of the plant. The Nucor plant is rather small, but they produce 800,000 tons of steel each year. The reason of high productivity is the computer integrated manufacturing and management. Team work is also very important. The computer system integrates business information, process control, and the machines. It uses 1100 databases, 500 programs that create unlimited possibilities. Orders are placed from the very beginning into the computer, and it is process totally by the computer as well. Nucor uses pull system that connects the purchase order to raw materials, manufacturing process, and shipping. From scrap yard, the workers feed scrap into furnaces, where it melts into steel lava, and it is then moved into continuous caster, then to computer controlled gas premise, and then to the finishing room. Tags are put on the finished coils. Computer screens tell what each customer wants. As a result of the success, another plant was opened in Arkansas. With the help of new technologies, procedures, and computer integrated manufacturing, the American steel industry managed to gain the market share. American steel industry fell behind the Japanese industry, so changes had to be made in the processes of manufacturing. Nucor Steel opened in 1989 in Indiana and made a revolution in steel industry. Keith Russe is the general manager of the plant. The Nucor plant is rather small, but they produce 800,000 tons of steel each year. The reason of high productivity is the computer integrated manufacturing and management. Team work is also very important. The computer system integrates business information, process control, and the machines. It uses 1100 databases, 500 programs that create unlimited possibilities. Orders are placed from the very beginning into the computer, and it is process totally by the computer as well. Nucor uses pull system that connects the purchase order to raw materials, manufacturing process, and shipping. From scrap yard, the workers feed scrap into furnaces, where it melts into steel lava, and it is then moved into continuous caster, then to computer controlled gas premise, and then to the finishing room. Tags are put on the finished coils. Computer screens tell what each customer wants. As a result of the success, another plant was opened in Arkansas. With the help of new technologies, procedures, and computer integrated manufacturing, the American steel industry managed to gain the market share. American steel industry fell behind the Japanese industry, so changes had to be made in the processes of manufacturing. Nucor Steel opened in 1989 in Indiana and made a revolution in steel industry. Keith Russe is the general manager of the plant. The Nucor plant is rather small, but they produce 800,000 tons of steel each year. The reason of high productivity is the computer integrated manufacturing and management. Team work is also very important. The computer system integrates business information, process control, and the machines. It uses 1100 databases, 500 programs that create unlimited possibilities. Orders are placed from the very beginning into the computer, and it is process totally by the computer as well. Nucor uses pull system that connects the purchase order to raw materials, manufacturing process, and shipping. From scrap yard, the workers feed scrap into furnaces, where it melts into steel lava, and it is then moved into continuous caster, then to computer controlled gas premise, and then to the finishing room. Tags are put on the finished coils. Computer screens tell what each customer wants. As a result of the success, another plant was opened in Arkansas. With the help of new technologies, procedures, and computer integrated manufacturing, the American steel industry managed to gain the market share. How to cite Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Management, Essay examples

To Know A Fly Essays - The Fly, Fly Fishing, Vincent Dethier, Fly

To Know A Fly Brief Synopsis Mr. Vincent Dethier goes into great detail in describing the flys different aspect of life. The fly is very complex with many human like characteristics. Flies and some people are very much alike in another respect; both prefer what taste good to what is nutritionally best, was stated by the author proving these similar characteristics exist. Many experiments and observations were made through the course of this brook. Such experiments included: testing the flies eating habits, adaptation to their environment, the different purposes of sensor organs, the reasons for hunger, their unique language, exercise patterns involving light, and their brain complexity. He presented the fly in a way that most people couldnt see the power and abilities a fly possesses. Through the course of this book each of these aspects were explained in greater detail with experiments proving many theories and observations. The best definition for an experiment was provided by Dethier as, An experiment is a scientists way of asking nature a question. This would explain many reasons for such a desire people convey to science. Analysis The authors intent was to inform the reader of the misconceptions most common, non-scientist have about the scientific process. He provided a very clear approach to explain his research of the fly to a typical reader. The terminology was very simple and to the point. He stated it best, The scientist who is great is the one who proposes a theory and then attempts to prove or disapprove it rather than the one who proposes a theory and then goes off grinning to greener pastures leaving to onerous job of proof or disproof to others. The author did accomplish his intent to inform the reader of the aspects that a fly possesses. Through many laboratory reports numerous discoveries have been publicized making the world more enriched with scientific knowledge. But throughout all the experiments that were preformed to the flies, one thing remains unique about them. Unlike all other animals and creatures, the fly can not be trained even after 15 years. I found this a very interesting point, bec ause in past experiments, a scientist has proven many ways to train animals to perform premeditated tasks. One instance was described as conditioning, when a scientist trained a dog to salivate to the ring of a bell. But unfortunately, there is not a conditioned response affiliated with the fly. Evaluation The authors purpose of informing the reader was well achieved. I now have a new outlook about the purpose of the fly. Before I read this book, I felt flies didnt have a purpose. They just fly around and become very annoying. But they do serve a purpose, with just as many functions and activities a human possesses. The most important things about flies are they are cheaper and more abundant in our society for scientists that do not have elaborate funds to experiment with. This fact proves very important when the experimenter doesnt know the outcome or effect an experiment has on the tested individual. I was very spectacle about reading a book called, To Know A Fly. But I feel the author did make a good attempt to add humor and situations that the average person could relate to. I did enjoy the way the author presented this information. His style of writing was direct and to the point. This made the reading and understanding of the text relaxing and enjoyable. I would not recommend this book to friends, but I would recommend it to fellow classmates interested in experimental sciences. I feel that Professor Gordon picked an excellent book to portray the lifestyles and misconceptions of scientists. I have gained a wide variety of information about the lifestyle and adaptation process a fly creates in his or her environment. Vincent Dethier said it best; To know the fly is to share a bit in the sublimity of knowledge. That is the challenge and the joy of science. In this statement, the purpose of this book is summed into two sentences. All humans have a desire to know and learn; proving science is an ideal subject that everyone has used. Its just a matter of how you use it. Science Essays

Sympathy in Film essays

Sympathy in Film essays Creating sympathy is a very delicate and skilled task to perform in a motion picture. Filmmakers have to take factors in to account in order to get their message across. There are many techniques, ranging from an actors or actresses clothes and possessions to the environment in which the movie takes place in, to the set lighting, camera angle, and sound. Although, none of which is as near as important as the acting; how the star portrays his or her character. We have to believe the actor is really that person on the screen, if we are to feel emotions towards that character during a dramatic scene. A film that demonstrates this to the tee, with brilliant acting, visual effects, and sound is Braveheart. The leading/main character, William Wallace, played by Mel Gibson gives his audience a emotionally charged experience viewing this film. Without words, every look, every expression, we know exactly how he is feeling and sympathize with his pain. His first real traumatic experience comes when his newly wed wife is killed. Her throat is slit and she is tied to a pole for the town to see as an example. Meanwhile William is waiting for her at a meeting spot. We, the audience already know that shes dead, but distressfully watch as Wallace slowly becomes terrified of what could have happened, as he looks round and round for her. He soon gives up, and decides to return to the town hed last seen her. Finding her slain body tied up to the post, he falls to his knees, speechless, and we see the utter horror in his eyes, as Wallace realizes he has nothing else to live for. Looking at a proud man suddenly broken, the audience feels utter sympathy towards him and what he has lost. Mel Gibson directed in and stared in this film, which let him play the role of William Wallace in the manner he wished. The film was produced in Scotland, and was made to take place around the end of the 13th century. The s ...

Planting, Growing, and Marketing Royal Paulownia

Planting, Growing, and Marketing Royal Paulownia Paulownia tomentosa has had marvelous press on the Internet. Several Australian and United States companies make claims of extraordinary growth, unbelievable wood values, and magnificent beauty. Paulownia, they write, can shade an area in record time, resist insects, feed livestock, and improve the soil component - and in some ways this is correct. But is this just hype or is the plant truly a supertree Let me introduce you to Royal Paulownia and you just might rethink the abilities given to the tree by producers. Empress Tree - Mythology vs. Facts You can tell this tree is very special right away, from just its name. The plants pedigree and regal names include Empress Tree, Kiri Tree, Sapphire Princess, Royal Paulownia, Princess Tree, and Kawakami. The surrounding mythology abounds and many cultures can claim title to embellishing the plants many legends. Many cultures love and embrace the tree which in turn promoted its worldwide popularity.  The Chinese were the first to establish a much-practiced tradition that included the tree. An oriental Paulownia is planted when a daughter is born. When she marries, the tree is harvested to create a musical instrument, clogs or fine furniture; they then live happily ever after. Even today, it is a valued wood in the orient and top dollar is paid for its procurement and used for many products. A Russian legend has it that the tree was named Royal Paulownia in honor of Princess Anna Pavlovnia, daughter of Russias Czar Paul I. Its name Princess or Empress tree was an endearment to a nations rulers. In the United States, many of these trees have been planted for wood production  but naturalized wild stands grow along the Eastern Seaboard and through the mid-western states. Paulownias range is said to have expanded because of the seed pods used in packing shipped cargo from China early in the last century. Containers were emptied, winds scattered, the tiny seeds and a fast paulownia forest developed. The tree has been in America since introduction during the mid-1800s. It was first discovered as a profitable tree in the 1970s by a Japanese timber buyer and the wood was purchased at attractive prices. This sparked a multimillion-dollar export market for the wood. One log is said to have sold for $20,000 US dollars. That enthusiasm has mostly run its course. One thing to remember is, the wood is totally ignored by domestic timber companies in the United States and speaks volumes about its economic potential, at least to me. But utilization studies by several universities including Tennessee, Kentucky, Maryland, and Virginia suggests the potential  for a favorable future market. Should You Plant Royal Paulownia? There are some compelling reasons to plant Paulownia. The tree has some of the best soil, water, and nutrient retaining properties. It can be made into forest products. At first blush, it makes sense to plant Paulownia, watch it grow, improve the environment, and make a fortune at the end of ten to twelve years. But is it really that simple? Here are the attractive reasons for growing the tree: Paulownia is a light, air curable wood, that does not warp, twist, or crack. The tree is fire resistant and water repellent. These are very good wood qualities and the tree has all of these. Paulownia can be sold for pulp, paper, poles, construction material, plywood, and furniture and at top dollar. You still have to be lucky enough to be growing the trees in an area with a good market. Paulownia can be commercially harvested in five to seven years. This is true but only for some products made by companies that may or may not be buying at any given time. Paulownia is a beautiful tree and is easily propagated from root cuttings. But it can also become a problem in the landscape because of its messy habits. Paulownia is nitrogen rich and makes an excellent livestock fodder and soil amending mulching material.   If all of these statements are true, and for the most part they are, you would be doing yourself a favor to plant the tree. It would, in fact, be a great idea to plant the tree on a good site. Great for the environment, great for shade, great for soil, great for water quality and great for a beautiful landscape. But is it economically sound to plant Paulownia over large areas? Are Paulownia Plantations Economically Practical? A recent discussion on a favorite forestry forum was are Paulownia plantations economic? Gordon J. Esplin writes promoters of Paulownia plantations are claiming incredible growth (4 years to 60, 16 at breast height) and value (eg $800/cubic meter) for Paulownia trees. This seems to be too good to be true. Are there any independent, scientific studies on the species? James Lawrence of Toad Gully Growers, a Paulownia propagation company in Australia sums it up completely. There has, unfortunately, been much over-hyped promotion of Paulownia. It is true, however, that under the right conditions, Paulownia produces valuable timber in a shorter time frame... Lawrence goes on to say that it usually takes from 10 to 12 years to achieve a size economical to mill and is not construction strong enough to be used as building material. It is most likely to find its place in moldings, doors, window frames, veneers, and furniture. He further says that trees in the cooler regions of Australia may be more slowly grown and consequently of higher timber quality - close growth rings are desired for furniture - than those grown in warmer climates; however, the higher rate of crop rotation in the warmer zones should compensate for any lower returns per m3. Lawrence just indicated, at least to me, that we need to take a deep breath and grow the tree slower for optimum quality. And what about a little thing called market? Remembering that the top three things that affect the value of any real property are location, location, location, I would suggest that the top three things that affect the value of standing timber price are markets, markets, markets. Paulownia is no different from any other tree in this regard and you need to find a market before planting and I have found no support for a market on the Internet. The literature suggests that the present US market is extremely under-developed in Paulownia and one source actually suggested that there is no present market. The future of this tree depends on a future market. I did run across a credible reference to price. Mississippi State University indicates in a report on Unique Species and Uses that Paulownia logs have been found growing in the Mississippi Delta and south along the Mississippi River. Paulonia logs have been in high demand in Japan and bring excellent prices (my emphasis) to landowners in Mississippi. I have yet to find that buying source. Also, there are risks associated with any tree planting venture. Paulownia is no different. It is sensitive to drought, root rot, and diseases. There is also the economic risk of producing a tree with little future economic value.

A summary post us even more important in this forum given the range of Coursework

A summary post us even more important in this forum given the range of issues thathave been covered - Coursework Example market and sets high prices than the prices at which the buyers are willing to buy at leading to the restriction of supply quantity and a reduction in the demand of the consumers for the product due to the high prices (Varoufakis, 1998). One example of a monopoly is the government of Saudi Arabia that has total control for supply of oil and the whole oil industry. Other examples include Sky film that has led to increased prices in the pay television business in the UK. Inappropriate competition may result to an oligopoly, which is a form of market failure where a small number of firms dominate the market and decisions by one firms influences that of other firms in the market (Howard et al., 2009). Collusion among the firms leads to setting of higher prices and limiting of supplier affecting the consumers in the market. Examples of oligopolies include Tesco, Sainsbury, Morrisons, and Asda, which have 74.4% of the grocery market and Barclays, HSBC, Lloyds TSB, Natwest, and Halifax, which together dominate the banking sector in the United Kingdom. Inappropriate information may also result to a situation characterized by one buyer influencing the decisions of the suppliers in the market, a situation referred to as a monopsony (Ferguson, 2004). An example of a monopsony in the Natural Led Lumber Media Company where it is the only company conducting lumbering operations in Lumber town. As demonstrated in the above examples of monopoly, oligopoly, and monopsony as cases for inappropriate competition, leading to market failure, which results in the lack of a free market mechanism for allocation of goods and services demonstrated by these conditions in the

International Actors in the Middle East Since 2000 Assignment

International Actors in the Middle East Since 2000 - Assignment Example The United States invasion of Iraq is one example serves as an example of the attention that the United States has lavished on the Middle East, despite the fact that the reasons they originally gave for doing so no longer appear to be true. As Stephen Zunes explains, â€Å"WITH THE MAJOR JUSTIFICATIONS FOR THE U.S.-LED INVASION OF IRAQ †¦ NOW DISCREDITED, AND CLAIMS OF WANTING TO CREATE A DEMOCRATIC IRAQ HIGHLY DUBIOUS, THIS RAISES THE QUESTION AS TO WHAT ACTUALLY MOTIVATED THE UNTED STATES† . Some theories suggest that economic factors played a role in this invasion, but another strong driving factor was to impose American interests on the country The American occupation is not without its costs. â€Å"OVERALL, THE INSURGENCY VIOLENCE BEGAN AS, AND REMAINS, A REACTION TO THE OCCUPATION† . Such violence can be compared to that during the American Civil War or the Vietnam War, simply speaking; the inhabitants of the country are trying to get the invaders to leave. Some analysts predict that if the United States were to withdraw their troops, the violence within the Middle East would significantly decrease, as motivation against the United States military decreases. Indeed, when the United States pulled out of a similar situation in Vietnam, much of the hatred and violence dissipated . Violence continues in Iraq among the various political factions, most prominent of which are the Sunni and the Shiite. The United States has primarily provided support for the Shiites, however this poses a potential problem as â€Å"THE SOUTHERN SHIITE REGION IS A POTENTIAL POWERFUL ALLY OF IRAN, WITH AT LEAST ONE MILITIA (MAHDI) FUNDED DIRECTLY BY IRAN† . Suggestions for the future outcome for Iraq include a proposal to divide Iraq into three distinct regions, which would function autonomously. However, it appears unlikely that any such decisions will be made soon . As can be seen from the above examination, the allocation of power within the

The Metamorphosis of Paul Baumer in All Quiet on the Western Front :: All Quiet on the Western Front Essays

The Metamorphosis of Paul Baumer in All Quiet on the Western Front       Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front, a novel set in World War I, centers around the changes wrought by the war on one young German soldier. During his time in the war, Remarque's protagonist, Paul Baumer, changes from a rather innocent Romantic to a hardened and somewhat caustic veteran. More importantly, during the course of this metamorphosis, Baumer disaffiliates himself from those societal icons-parents, elders, school, religion-that had been the foundation of his pre-enlistment days. This rejection comes about as a result of Baumer's realization that the pre-enlistment society simply does not understand the reality of the Great War. His new society, then, becomes the Company, his fellow trench soldiers, because that is a group which does understand the truth as Baumer has experienced it.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Remarque demonstrates Baumer's disaffiliation from the traditional by emphasizing the language of Baumer's pre- and post-enlistment societies. Baumer either can not, or chooses not to, communicate truthfully with those representatives of his pre-enlistment and innocent days. Further, he is repulsed by the banal and meaningless language that is used by members of that society. As he becomes alienated from his former, traditional, society, Baumer simultaneously is able to communicate effectively only with his military comrades. Since the novel is told from the first person point of view, the reader can see how the words Baumer speaks are at variance with his true feelings. In his preface to the novel, Remarque maintains that "a generation of men ... were destroyed by the war" (Remarque, All Quiet Preface). Indeed, in All Quiet on the Western Front, the meaning of language itself is, to a great extent, destroyed.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Early in the novel, Baumer notes how his elders had been facile with words prior to his enlistment. Specifically, teachers and parents had used words, passionately at times, to persuade him and other young men to enlist in the war effort. After relating the tale of a teacher who exhorted his students to enlist, Baumer states that "teachers always carry their feelings ready in their waistcoat pockets, and trot them out by the hour" (Remarque, All Quiet I. 15). Baumer admits that he, and others, were fooled by this rhetorical trickery. Parents,too, were not averse to using words to shame their sons into enlisting. "At that time even one's parents were ready with the word 'coward'" (Remarque, All Quiet I.

Islamic scholars Essay

Western philosophy of religion, as the basic ancestor of modern religious studies, is differentiated from theology and the many Eastern philosophical traditions by generally being written from a third party perspective. â€Å"Islamicization of the West†, is the diffusion and assimilation of Islamic culture in the West. This is distinct from Islamization that means the conscious acceptance and implementation of the ideal Islamic cultural patterns by non-Muslims and nominal Muslims. Islamicization is sociologically similar to, though not identical with, Westernization subject to the limits and conditions of imitative- innovative social change. The Islamicization of the Medieval West, occurred, first, during the period ending around the middle of the eleventh century before systematic translations from Arabic into Western languages began; secondly during the age of Arabic translations coinciding with the little Renaissance of the twelfth to the seventeenth centuries; and third, during the Catholic-Protestant Reformation and Renaissance of the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries. The transformation of the West during these centuries until the sixteenth, passed through several stages of contact and conflict with Islamic culture. The West resorted to various strategies. Until about the end of the eleventh century, the Western views of ideal Islam and its cultural and military triumphant civilization were fostered by sheer ignorance, fanaticism, hatred toward Islam and the Muslims, Biblical exegesis, and relative intellectual and physical isolation. This led to the expected apogee of Western Zealot type response: the Crusades of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The extensive contacts with the superior Islamic culture and Muslims during the Crusades ushered in a new era in Western self-consciousness, and awakened responses to Islamic culture. The highest intellectual achievements of the West during these two centuries, twelfth and thirteenth comprised the imitation of Islamic science and learning. Universities were found in the West patterned on the Muslim universities to assimilate the new knowledge made available by translations of the works in Arabic and, to a lesser extent, of Greek classics, which have been superseded by the Muslims. The main philosophical influence on the Christian thought at this period was Avicenna and Averroes, the two Muslim philosophers commenting Aristotle and building their philosophical systems on or against the Greek philosopher. Aristotle presented to the Christian scholars the opportunity to escape from the Muslim thought as such. Aristotle belonging to the classical past (Greek and Roman) of Europe was a positive complement to the Muslim sciences towards which the Christian scholars had turned to acquire their knowledge. He began a new era by pointing inwards at Christians and their own deficiencies as an explanation for their lack of success compared to the Muslims’ one. He believed the cause of Muslims’ success was their religion, which sanctioned worldly pursuits, self-will and secular dominion. How Islamic scholars first translated Aristotle and then how Western Christians came into possession of them. Muslim philosophy influenced Western thought in several ways, it initiated in the West the humanistic movement; introduced the historical sciences and the scientific method; helped the Western scholastics in harmonizing philosophy with faith; stimulated Western mysticism; laid the foundations of Italian Renaissance and, to a degree, moulded the modem European . The Muslims were the first humanists and they gave a humanist bend to the Western mind. They were the first to reveal to the West that outside the prevailing Catholic Church it was not all darkness and barbarism but untold wealth of knowledge. They captured and further developed all the intellectual achievements of Greece and transmitted them to the West before any direct contact between the Greek intellect and the Western mind was established. It was through their influence that ancient and contemporary men outside the Christian West also began to be looked upon as human and even possessed of higher civilizations. To the Arabians, Aristotle represented and summed up Greek philosophy. They adopted the doctrine and system, which the progress of human affairs had made the intellectual aliment of their Syrian guides. It was a matter of historical necessity, and not an act of deliberate choice. When the need of scientific culture awoke amongst them, they accepted Aristotle. From first to last Arabian philosophers made no claim to originally, their aim was merely to propagate the truth of Peripateticism as it had been delivered to them. In medicine and astronomy, as well as in philosophy, they entertained an almost superstitious reverence for their Greek teachers. It was with them that the deification of Aristotle began. And from them the belief that in him human intelligence had reached its limit passed. Abul Walid Mohammad Ibn Rushd was the ultimate rationalist, the Aristotelian heretic of the medieval Islam and Christianity. His singular influence in stimulating the Western Renaissance is acknowledged as the landmark in the history of Western civilization. Along with Ibn Sina, he is the greatest name in Arabian philosophy whose influence spread, in many directions, through the duration of the Middle Ages, then in the epoch of the Renaissance up to the very threshold of modern times. Indeed, he was the greatest Muslim philosophers of the West, and one of the greatest of medieval times. Ibn Rushd came from a family of Cordoban scholars and was a trained lawyer and a physician; his role initiated him into philosophy. He wrote extensive commentaries on Aristotle, and others. His philosophy was in the tradition of prevailing Islamic scholasticism, with attempts to synthesize Islamic faith and reason in light of the available Greek heritage. His Commentaries on Aristotle were translated into Latin and Hebrew. The works of Aristotle and Ibn Rushd in their Latin translations were used not only in the curriculum at Naples, but were also sent to the Universities of Paris and Bologna. Once the rediscovery of Aristotle through Ibn Rushd’s writings was complete, the philosophers and theologians alike found themselves in possession of the greatest intellectual reservoir ever developed up to that time. Ibn Rushd â€Å"the Great Commentator. Influenced by his writings, philosophers and theologians split into two major groups; the liberal, with Siger of Brabant at their head, and the conservative, with St. Thomas Aquinas of the Dominician Monks at their head. The issues for the split where metaphysical, philosophical, and practical. However his critics, did not escape his influence, and their understanding of Aristotle was conditioned. When Ibn Rushd died in 1198, he bequeathed to his successors the ideal of a purely rational philosophy, an ideal whose influence was to be such that, by it, even the evolution of Christian philosophy was to be deeply modified. Gilson attributes to Ibn Rushd the recognition, which became pivotal to St. Thomas’ own philosophy, that nothing should enter the texture of metaphysical knowledge save only rational and necessary demonstrations. However, unlike some of his adversarial Latin Averroists, St. Thomas was not willing to concede that either Aristotle or Ibn Rushd were infallible. The enthusiasm in Paris during the thirteenth century for Ibn Rushd’s Aristotelian Commentaries brought serious questions as to the compatibility of Ibn Rushd’s Aristotelianism with the Christian doctrine. In the thirteenth century, Papal Inquisition against the Christian heretics came under condemnations with the focus mainly on Latin Averroists, led by Siger of Brabant, who was suspected of subscribing to the double-truth doctrine. Ibn Rushd himself did not subscribe to such a thesis, it is doubtful, according to Gilson, and other medievalists that even Siger himself did so. This doctrine, however, was a godsend for the scientifically minded people in the West, who were condemned and persecuted by the Church and the State. They found their best support in this and other â€Å"Averroisms†. The Ibn Rushd’s Aristotelian commentaries and his own contributions rapidly became the ruling mode of social thought in the West. Scholars of medieval Europe were provoked and inspired by Ibn Rushd’s writings. Whereas some Muslim scholastics and their Latin successors tried to â€Å"Islamise† and â€Å"Christianise† Hellenism, Ibn Rushd’s commentaries and rationalism seemed to excessively â€Å"Hellenise† Islam and Christianity. Thus, his Muslim contemporaries persecuted him while Muslim posterity almost ignored him, allowing his works to be lost. However, Jews preserved many of them. In Latin Christianity, the commentaries were translated into Latin from the Hebrew, fed the heresies of Siger of Brabant and the rationalism of the Italian school of Padua, and threatened the foundations of Christianity. St. Thomas recognized that some parts of religion were beyond reason and must be accepted by faith alone. The aim of his life was to reconcile Aristotelianism and Muslim knowledge with Christian theology and Thomas Aquinas was led to write his document to halt the threatened liquidation of Christian theology by Arabic interpretations of Aristotle. During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Latin orientated-Averroism had far-reaching consequences for medieval and modern social thought, hardly foreseeable by the medieval scholastics. It established a tradition in which it became possible to question the status of religion and from the end of the twelfth century to the end of the sixteenth century Averroism remained the dominant school of thought, in spite of the orthodox reaction it created first among the Muslims in Spain and then among the Talmudists, and finally, among the Christian clergy. These centuries witnessed revolutions in the evolution of social thought, with medieval Islamic sources always providing the background. As the Greek heritage â€Å"had aroused the great age of Arabic science and philosophy, so now it would excite the European mind and inquiry and speculation would crack stone after stone of that majestic edifice to bring this collapse of the medieval system in the fourteenth century, and the beginnings of modern philosophy in the ardor of the Renaissance . The results were monumental in Western history. It is suggested that Harold Nebelsick puts it well. He discusses the achievements of the Arab-Islamic scholars and how they appropriated, appreciated and preserved Greek classical learning and built upon it and thus, laid the foundations for a quite unprecedented revival of learning in Europe, and the results were the Renaissance in the thirteenth century, the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century, and eventually the rise of modern science in the seventeenth. Even in our own time the contributions of those scholars, in the world of Islam and in the Christian West, represent the source of the most beneficent form of intellectual enlightenment. For Ibn Rushd, the primacy of reason is unquestioned but compatible with faith, and for this Gilson regards him as the herald of rationalism long before the Renaissance. In his Harmony of Philosophy and Religion, which was not available to St. Thomas, Siger of Brabant or their contemporaries in Latin, Ibn Rushd maintains a position which may be called the harmony of truth, philosophical and theological. Thus, philosophical truth, although superior to religious truth, is not really incompatible with, or even different, from it. The only difference is the path to truth philosophical and the theological. The Islamicisation of intellectual culture in Spain as early as the ninth century was described by Alvaro, a contemporary Cordovian bishop, the Christians loved to read the poems and romances of the Arabs, theologians and philosophers. Young Christians read and studied with enthusiasm the Arab books, and gathered immense libraries at great expense and despised the Christian literature as unworthy of attention. This refinement of life gradually spread northwards from Spain and Sicily. The experiences of the Crusaders in Islamic lands doubtless contributed something to the spread of Arab culture in Western Europe. The notion of â€Å"the miracle of Arabic science† circulated most unfortunately by Sarton, the Historian of medieval science, is false. The explanation of the â€Å"phenomenon† of the sudden birth of Islamic science lays down in the living Islamic ethos of those times; its dogmas and its gamut of culture; the all- pervading Islamic law which forged strong bonds of social co-operation among the Muslims, and between the Muslims and non-Muslims, citizens and resident aliens of the vast Islamic society of bewildering religious, ideological, national, racial and linguistic diversity. This Islamic ethos in action rekindled the dying members of the pre-Quranic ancient sciences and worldwide civilization. These mechanisms operate only in a cultural and political milieu of propitious dogmas, laws, values, cosmological doctrines, attitudes and efforts, all of which existed in the progressive period of medieval Islamic civilization. Conclusion Muslims gave a humanist bend to the Western mind. They revealed to the West that outside the prevailing catholic church it was not all darkness and barbarism but immense wealth of knowledge. Before any direct contact between the Greek intellect and the Western mind was established, Arabs had captured and further developed all the intellectual achievements of Greece. It was also due to their influence that men outside the Christian West began to be considered as human and even possessors of higher civilizations. The Muslims absorbed the best in the existing sciences and civilizations consistent with Islam and developed them, thanks to the intensely developed Islamic consciousness and conditioning, based on a remarkable Islamic system of education. There was great flexibility in horizontal and vertical mobility of people as nationalistic and hedonistic evils were held in check. Prerequisites for science and civilization were there: invention and innovation based on original thought; social mindedness and utilitarianism of individual efforts as well as in the organization of state and its educational and other programs; political stability, the rule of law and constitutionalism. All these mechanisms and conditions are necessary for the genesis, development, diffusion and application of science and technology. This fact of medieval Islamicization of the West needs to be fully researched, accepted and incorporated in specialized works and in the teaching materials of schools and colleges around the world. The consequences of this will be far reaching in understanding the socio-cultural rejuvenation and modernization of the developing nations, in building up a genuine and universally acceptable theory of social action, and in ridding sociology of ethnocentrism; in removing the burdens of historical romanticism and apologetics imposed upon the underdeveloped nations and suppressed minorities as a reaction to the cultural arrogance of nations and ethnic groups which are highly developed today but had their own dark ages at some other time and in promoting international understanding and co-operation for development and world peace. As a whole, various possible relationships between ideas of Muslim scholars, Greek philosophy and Christianity hence scholastics’ stand towards borrowing without acknowledgement or rejection Muslim scholars tried to interpret Greek ideas to establish a synthesis if possible. Otherwise, they criticized and refuted them. Since Christianity also faced the same problems, scholastic scholars borrowed those arguments, if they found them favorable in their case also, without acknowledgement. In this category generally come philosophical and metaphysical ideas Thomas Aquinas was led to write his Summa to halt the threatened liquidation of Christian theology by Arabic interpretations of Aristotle’ ‘Indeed the industry of Aquinas was due not to love of Aristotle but to fear of Averroes’. . It was an acknowledgement but with ill intention. Such references are not uncommon even in the contemporary texts that fully ignore Muslim scholars’ contributions to economic thought; scholastics borrowed without hesitation and preferred to refer to Greek scholars if they felt such a need. There was a spontaneous and determined general agreement about what to take and what to reject; what was taken was always either culturally common, or culturally neutral. The body of scientific knowledge was culturally neutral. Its cultural bearings were easily absorbed, because they were part of the common inheritance of the Arab world and of Europe. In times that are more recent a large number of Western scholars, together with Muslim scholars writing in Western languages, have been bringing out the diffusion of Islamic science, philosophy, and other aspects of Islamic culture in medieval West. However, such researches have not been incorporated in the Western education system and culture, in the manner and to the extent necessary for fostering the proper appreciation of the ideal and historical patterns of Islamic culture. Therefore, the West portends and strives for Westernization of the Muslim world because of what is considered to be the backwardness of contemporary Muslim behavioral culture pattern and the denial of the existence and validity of ideal Islamic culture pattern. Therefore, we can see the reactionary Muslim responses through polemics, xenophobia, historical romanticism, zealotism, fanaticism, extremism, even terrorism. This is in fact very different from the creative adaptation indispensable for contemporary rejuvenation. The consequences of the denial, falsification and neglect of this historical fact have been extremely serious: the denigration of Islam in the eyes of Muslims and non-Muslims; the identification of Islam and its culture with ignorance and backwardness and of â€Å"modernity† and progress with Western civilization; the creation of xenophobia and arrogance in Western mind, and the perpetration of ideological and politico- economic. Western imperialism against Muslim people; the imposition of an inferiority complex among Western educated â€Å"modern† Muslims, and the bitter social and political cleavages between the â€Å"modern† and the â€Å"traditional† Muslim elites. Reference http://www. accesstoinsight. org/lib/authors/bodhi/wheel282. html. http://www. accesstoinsight. org/ptf/dhamma/sila/pancasila. html. www. lssu. edu/faculty/jswedene/FULBRIGHT_FILES/Islamic%20Contributions%20to%20the %20West. doc http://www. aina. org/article/greek2. html library. csun. edu/mbarrett/religiousstudies. html www. lib. utk. edu/diversity/culturecorner/spring04/reference_spring_04. pdf

Cultural Disenchantment in a Postwar Climate Illustrated...

One of the principal themes in Virginia Woolf’s novel Mrs. Dalloway is the English people’s collective loss of confidence in the state of the British Empire after the First World War. Set in London in the June of 1923, the novel opens at the close of a global war that lasted only four years but cost the United Kingdom more than 100,000 lives and permanently shifted the political boundaries and social world order of its people. Each of the novel’s many characters represent a different aspect of the English citizens’ disenchantment with established, presupposed cultural values and worldview brought about by the unexpected lack of glory in victory or dignity in the dead and wounded multitudes. The world Woolf creates in Mrs. Dalloway is†¦show more content†¦The frequent references to Big Ben, the houses of Parliament, London, the Prime Minister, and the Queen of England within Clarissa’s stream of consciousness connect the reader, through i conic images of England in the height of its bureaucratic and social greatness, to her world unsullied by the grit and horror of war. The Queen, who to many became a symbol of an outdated political class system and a dying monarchy, is still to Clarissa a figure of â€Å"the majesty of England, of the enduring symbol of the state† (Woolf, 16). Clarissa’s struggle with self-realization and retrospection correspond closely with England’s own eroding national identity, and her grand party is the culmination of decades’ worth of wilted aspirations and undelivered promises. Formerly the greatest empire in the world with colonies on every continent, a flourishing intercontinental economy, and a reputation for being invulnerable on land and sea, England saw horrific losses in resources as well as and cultural integrity on the field of battle. It is both a difficult and necessary struggle for Clarissa in coming to terms with her country’s failures; she is forced to reevaluate her life and place in an England that can be enthrallingly beautiful while propagating unprecedented death and devastation on its own soil. The death of Septimus Smith, a